Sennit



C. W. ASHLEY.

SENNIT.

APPLICATION r|LED1uLY 26.1921.

Patented Oct. 31, 1922.

2 SHEETS-SHEET l.

ik IIIA! b W/T/VESSS er @www Ma/WIK.

A Hoff/UE ys C. W. ASHLEY.

SENNIT.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 26.1921.

15,433,868. Patented Oct. 31, 1922. v

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

.AAQA

V Y V V Y aber l wwf Patented met. El,

ld l. ai

SENNIT.

Application filed July 26,

To all eff/i071@ t 171 dg/ concer/1i.

Be it lrnown that l, Ciijnfrorrn lll. isi-inni', a citizen of the United States, and resident oit lWilinington, county oit ew Castle, State ot' Delaware have invented certain new and useful improvements in iennits', oit which the following is a specilica'tion.

My invention relates to sennits or plaited coradge and has Jfor its object to provide a novel method whereby sennits ol any desired cross-sectional shape may be plaited without the necessity :for a core olf any description and to provide senni't which. regardless oi its shape, vis cross-plaited ythrough its fabric and not hollow or tubular. Other more speciiic objects will appear Atroni the description hereinafter and the features ot novelty will be pointed out in the appended claims.

Reference to be had to the accompany ing' drawings which illustrate several ex- `iples or niy invention without delining' '3 liniits and in which ll'h'ure 'l is a pers ecti ve view oi" an apparatus or table which. if f be utilized llor convenience in making the sennit by hand; Fig. 2 is a plan view showing' the strands in place on said table ai; the beginningof a plait-ing operation; Fig. S is a view ofi a sennit ot triangular cross-section constructed in accordance with my invention; flis a diagifaininatic cross-secti on thereoi'i and Fi, l'7 S and 9 are similar diagrammatic vier-Is illustratingsennits of various other cross-.f -1ectional forms.

For the purpose oi describinr the present invention l have chosen the method whereby a sennit oi triangular cr:' ss-se"1i ni is niadc, it being understood that this is onliT an example and that the selection is not to be construed as ls-lining the limits o1? the invention. For convenience i hand l may employ the i (he drawings. which cenmive" i supported upon legis and h. ny; an opznrngf (il at its central point: the top fr may be laid oil' in a series ol .sections or divisions. each defined by a pin or the like l) locatednear the periphery and whereby the strands used in plaiting may be kept in their intended positions free from interference with each other. The divisions or sections may be nuinlmered.y for instance, troni '1 to 1Q, inclusive. for comienience in operating; these numbers will be utilized to indicate the strands in the description or? the inet-hed,

19m. serial No. 487,804...

The strands used in plaiting, the number ot which depends upon the type and cross-sectional form oit the sennit which is to be produced, radiate :from the opening C- and prei'- erably are attached to a suitable weight. E

whereby the sennit .is caused to pass downwardly through said opening` C as `it is completed. Y

Before commencing` the description ot the plaiting operations, it may be well to state that the cross-sectional. form ot the sennit may be determined on diagrams. as illustrated, the thickness between two opposite points on dinmerent surfaces olf the seni'iii being' determined by the number oi? lines intervening between the two Correspendingl points of the diagram, the shape ot the tinished sennit being identical with the 'forni of the diagram upon which it is based. Furthermore, the lines in said diagrams always indicate the cross-sectional cycle ot tl e strands in the finished sennit. ln addition. it should be understood when directions are given to move a strand bearing a certain number that in every case, the bottoni or earliest strand to occupy the indicated position is referred to and must he moved lett or right, according to whether it is an odd or an even number and in accordance with corresponding line in diagram. lt an odd number.r it must pass fromthe rijllt side ot its companion strand while it itA is an even number it must pass from the lett of its companion strand. A given number refers always to the rstrand occupying` the indicated position at the moment; when a strand changes its posit-ion it automatically changes its number correspondingly.

She 'triangular sennit chosen Ytor illustration may be made with nineteen strands which. at the beginning); et the operation. may be disposed upon the top A as indicated; that is to say, two strands are located in section l.; two in section 2: one in section two in section yfl; one in section 5; two in section 6; one in section 7; two in section 8; two in section 9; one in section l0; two in section ll.; and one in Section 1 2. The following sequence is preferably followed in the plaitinglv operation. it beingF understood that the start may be made at any poi-nt thereon. In descr-ibing` the plaiting` the strands will be referred to by the number of the section in which they are located.

One of the strands 9 is moved to 5 in a: di-J rection which is approximately to the right, after which one of the strands -l is moved to l() in a directior which is approximately' right and the even to the left, this plan being` followed throughout in the diagram; that isl` moving the odd numbered strands approximately to the numbered ones approximately to the left, the indicated directions of movement of the strands applying to the diagram illustrated in Fig. 4 and in every instance hereinafter applying to the particular di agram illustrating the form of sennit being described. A strand ll is .now moved to 2l and then a strand 2 is moved to l?, after which a strand l is crossed over the strand previously moved from 2 to l2 and moved to 9, this being` followed by a strandSbeing moved to 2. This strand 3, which originally occupied this space and not the one which was shifted thereto from. ll is now moved over to 7 so as to cross the strand previously shifted from 9 to One of the strands G is then crossed over the saine strand just referred to from the other direction to 1l and the strand 5, which orioinally occupied the indicated space. is moved to l and in doing` so crosses the several strands located in the spaces 2, 3 and i. The strand l2. which originally occupied this space. is now shifted to 6, after which the strand T, which originally occupied the indicated space. is moved to ll, this being followed by moving the strand l0, originally positioned in this space, to S, which completes a cycle.

The operation is repeated in successive cycles until the desired length of senuit has been. completed, it being` understood thatv each time the bottom or iarliest strand to occupy a given position is moved to a new position, care being;` taken not to cross the other strand occupying the position from which the shift is made.

The sennit of hexagonal cross-section illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 5 may be made with twenty strands, which at the beginning` of the operation, may be disposed upon the top A of the table as follows: two strands in the section l; one strand in section 9.,; two strands in section 3; one strand in section 4t; two strands in section 5, G and T; one straiul in section S: two strands in section. 9; one id iu section il), and two strands in. cach of the sections Il and lllhile the follwving` sequence is preferably followed in the plaiting opera.- tion.l it will be understood that the start may be made at any point thereon just as iu the operation previously described, thel strands in this case also beingv referred to by the number of the sections from which they are shifted.

To begin, one of the strands l2 is ,moved to 8- in a direction which is approxinnitely to the left, after which one of the strands T is moved to lin a direction which is ap-V proxiniately to the right, the even numbered strands in this instance also being all moved substantially to the left, while the odd numbored strands are shifted substantially to the right throughout the plaiting operation.

The section l now contains three stra-nds. so that one of the original strands occupying this section is now moved back to the section 7 to replace the one shifted therefrom. After this has been done a strand 6 is moved to 2 and the strand 2 which previously occupied this section is shifted to l0. iis the next step. one of the strands 9 is brought over to 3, thus tennporarily positioning three strands in this section, after which one o f the original strands in said section l is ioved back to 9 to replace the one moved therefrom. The strand which ori linallv occupied the section 8 now moved to l and the strand originally located :in this section is shifted to l2. Following` this. one of the strands ll is inoved to 5, thus temporarily ln'inging` three strands into this section. and one of the original strands 5 is moved to ll to replace the one taken. '.jherefroing the cycle is completed by moving; the strand which initially occupied the section l0 to the section 6.

In this form also the operation is repeated in successive cycles until the desired length ofthe sennit has been completedy it being` understood that here also the bott-om or earliest strand to occupy a `given position is moved each time to a new position, care beingtalten not to cross any other strand located in the section from which the shift is made. A round sennit may be made on the hexagonal diagram by the introduction of certain additional strands (one additional at each even number point).

The sennit of rectangular cross-section illustrated (fliagramniatically in 6 may also be made withr 2O strands which, at the beginning;` of the operation, may be located as follows upon the top A. of the table; two strands in each of the sections l and 2; one strand in the section 3; two strands in each of the sections l and 5', one strand in the section G; two strands in each of the sections 7 and S; one strand in the section 9; two strands in each of the sections l() and ll and one strand in the section 12. l'n plaiting this square sentit the following quence followed, it being understood in this instance also that the start m ay be made at any point thereon.

To begin, one of the strands may be moved to the section l2 and one of the stra-nds 1l may be shifted to the section 3. after which one of the strands l may be moved to the section lO and one of the two strands vwhich originally occupied this section l0 shifted to the section to replace the one removed therefrom. and 5 is then moved to the. sec-tion 9 and a strand 8 translll) Crt

ferred to the section (i, after which the strand il, which initially occupied this posi` tion, is shifted to 5 and the strand 6, which was originally located in this section, is`

moved to the section 2. A strand 1y is now transferred to- T, 'thus temporarily locating three strands in this section, after which one of the original strands 'T is transferred to 1 to replace the one removed therefrom. The origin al strand. 12 is nonv inoyed to 8 and the original strand 9 is moved to 11, thus conipleting one cycle.

The operation described is repeated in successivo cycles as often as is necessary to produce the desired length of sennit, it being; nnderstoinl that in this ase also the bot torn or earliest strand to occupy a. given position moved each time to `a new position without crossiimV any other strand located in tl -i section from which the shift is made.

Another example of sennit is shown in Fig. T and is constructed of seventeen strands in a n'ianner to have a l'ialf-roinnl or semi-circular forni in cross-section, Vhe strands, at the connnenccinent of the operation, being located in ten divisions of the top for instance, as follows: one stra-nd in cach of the sections Ll, 1, G and 8: two strands in each of the. sections. 1. 23, T` E) and 10. andi three strands in the section 'In plaiting;i this forni of sennit, the following sequence is followed, it being understood that in this case also the start may be made at any point thereon.

a` start. one of the strands 1 0 inaiy be y nioyed to S and one of the strands T shifted to 1` this being followed hy transferring one of the two original strands 1 to o and one of the three strands at 5 to 2. The next step consists in moving the strand originally .located at 2 to and siniilarlv shiftii'ip the original strand from to il, and' then transferring a strand 55S to T, this beingfollowed hy takingn the .st-rand. which originally occupliedl the section t5 and moving' it to et. The strand originally located at l is now moretti to 1() While one of the strands, 9 inovcd to which completes onev cycle.

The operation descrilwd is repeated in sur ccssive cycles as often as is necessary to produce the desired length of sci/init, it being@ nuderstoral that in this case also the bottoni. or earliest strand lo oi-rupy a gir/.in position is moved cach iilnc lo a new position \\'ithont crossing` an;v other strand located in the section from which the shift is made.

..`\.nother example of sennit constrnrti-d to have an isosceles trapezoidal forni in crosssection is shoivn dianrannnaticallv in Fig. 8 and is constructed of toentysn; strands which. at the commencement of the operation. are located upon the top A, for instance, as follows, the top in this case being dii'ided into sixteen sections: one `strand in. each of the sections l, 5, T, 1l andv 16and two strands in each of the sect-ions 1, Q, l, G, o, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 15. ln. plaiting this `,truncated triangular sennit, as it may he termed, the followii'ig sequence is followed, it being understood that in this case also the start may be made at any point thereon.

As a start, one of the strands 12 may be moved to T and one of thev strands 6 shifted to 15?, this being followed by transferring one of the strands 13 to 5 and one of the strands L1 to 1st, and subsequently shifting a strand 15 to 53 and a stra-nd Q to 16, so that t-he sections T, 5, 1l, and 16 noiv contain two strands and the sect-ion 18 three stra-nds vvhile the sections 1i., 1?), d, 15 andi cons tain only one strand each. The next step consists in moving` a strand 1 to 12, this being followed by transferrino one of the strands 11. to 2; this, in turn, is followed. by passing the strand 3, which first occupied this sec tion. to the section 11 and then moving one of rthe strands 10 to l to replace the one. previously reniored therefrom, after which thc strand 5 lhich initially occupied the section, is moved over to 9 and a strand is shifted to G to replace one of the stra-nds previously taken from this section. The original strand T non' moved to 1, after which the original strand 1G is moved to 8 and the original strand 9 is transferred to 15, this being followed by moving the original strand 1% to 10, which completes one cycle.

To construct. a given length of this forni of sennit, the opera-tion .is also repeated in as many successive cycles as may he necessary, it being' understood that in this forni, as in the'forins previously described. the bottom or earliest strand to occupy a given position is moved each time to a non' position Witl'iont. however. crossing any other strand 'which may he located :in the section from which the shift is made. In this 'toi-oz, a strand entering' at an odd ninnlier space should always be placed at the left of the strand or strands already there, and the right-hand strand is always the one to niove from an odd numbered c etion or space, the opposite beinfr trae of the even numbers. Furtherinore, in this example, odd inni'ihers more to both odd and cvcn numbered sections.

Thc round sennit chosen as another ample and illustrated in Fig. 9 is triade vwith twenty-seven strainls .vhich. at the lleginn ning of the o ipicration, may be d' iosed Upon the top A., for instance, as follows, said top A, in this ease, being divided into eighteen sections; that isto say, two strands are located in section 1; one in section 2., tivo in section 3; two in. section d; one in section 5; tn'o in section 6; one in section T; two in section 8 ,one in'section 9; one in section 10; twoin section 11; one in section 12; one in` each of the sections '153, 15 and 1T, and two strands in each of the sections 1li, 1h and The Yollmving` sequence is preferably lollovred in the plaiting` operation. it being understood that here aise` the start may be made at any point thereon,

strand lo is shiited to l2 and a strand ll to 1T, after Whicha strand 18 is moved to l0., this being ifollon'ed by transferring; a strand l to 9; as the next step, a strand 8 is moved to 2 and a strand 3 to T, and then a strand et is shifted to 18. The strand which oriuinally occupied the section 1"? is now ed to and a strand G transferred to 1G, this being;A followed by movingthe original strand 'T to l5 and a strand lll to 8, and then tiansterrinithe original strand to 1133, the original s nd 1O to 3 and the original strand 5 to ll.

lhe next step conl in *i 111, i ieri? "l Qi- -L l 1C) d: ss ino ing t it alpha utrant, i.d o and the strand iirst located at 12? to 3, and then shiii'tii'ig the original strand to la and the original strand l5 to l. this connqleting one cycle.

The operation in this 'torni also is repeated in successive cycles until the desired 'lengthV of sennit has been completed, it being understood that each time the bottom or earliest strand to occupy a given position, is moved t0 a new position, care being taken not to cross the other strand occupyina' the position from which the shiit is mane.

The six examples of sennits oit different cross-sectional form are illustrative ot the possibilities of the invention and are in no sense to be construed as definingl` its limits, it being` understood that sennits ot other cross-section al forms may be constructed and also that the sennits illustrated may be produced With a greater or lesser number ol strands in varying dimensions.

ln every instance the cross-section ot the senni t may be determined by means oli' a diagram, the thickness between two points ou the diagram being decided by the number ol lines intervening between the same, and the shapeoiz the. linished sennit being,Y identical with the shape ot the diagram upon which it is based; the lines of the diagrams correspond with the cross-sectional cycle of the strands in the finished sennit.

In plaiting a sennit ot any` given crosssectional torni the strands are interwoven so as to cross each other interiorly of the sennit in at least tivo dillcrent directions and in some of' the terms in three or more d'll'ercnt direct-ions, ln every instance, the strands lyine` in the same line are moved successively in sets and the diil'erent sets of strands are worked progressively in rotation, spiralling either to the lett or to the right,. the case may be; that is to say, the plaitiire, results in a solid sennit comprising a plurality ot strands passing from tace to tace in regular order, each strand crossing` thesennit in the interior thereof in at least two directions and -there being not less than three strands in radial direction trom the centre to an edge of the sennit. By centre7 is meant that point which is the L,reometrical point of the sennit when viewed in cross-section, While the term radial direction is intended to indicate any line extending from said centre to the surface oi the sennit. The term edge is used with reference to the meeting point ot two adjacentv surfaces or to the equivalent point in a sennitof round, oval or other similar cross-sectional shape.

The sennit, in every case, being* solid throughout and minus a core ot any kind, its shape` being determined entirely by the method ot plaiting, makes a strong` and closely plaited sennit admirably adapted tor use as a fish line, curtain cord, bell and brake rope` shoe strings and lacings ot `all kinds. Then constructed ot triangular and isoseeles trapezoidal toi-m it provides a rope-driving` belt ot maximum efficiency: the sennit, in all ot its forms, because it has a predetermined.` inherent shape7 is also Well adapted for use as gaskets or pachings olf' any type. The sennit is highly decorative, and being` exceedingly strong, is desirable also tor use in cha-ir), basket and braid making', in upholstery, interior decoration, curtain cords, loops and astenings, lace making, needlework, etc to increase the decorat' Je effect strands of different colors may be employed. These will appear at regular intervals on the surface. Every strand in the sennit, regardless of its t'orm7 appears at regular intervals upon the exposed surface or surfaces and receives an equal Wear so that the sennit has va maximum period ot usefulness, The surface of the sennit may be varied by addingv strands at every numbered point of the diagran'i; similarly7 the corners ot' the sennits in Which corners appear may be accented or rendered bulkier by introducing a still lui-ther set ot corner strands. There is substantially no limit to the size in which any of the varieties of the present sennit may be made.

Various changes in the speciiic forms shown and in the number ot strands employed and described may be made Within the scope of the claims Without departing troni the spirit oit my invention.

l' claim t l. A, solid sennit coinljirising a plurality oi strands passing 4from face to tace. in regular order, each strand crossing the sennit in the interior thereof in at least two directions, there being,- not less than three strands in a radial direction from the centre to an edge ot said sennit.

2. A solid sennit comprising a plurality of strands passing from tace to tace in regular order and extending helically throughout said sennit, each strand crossing` the sennit in. the interior thereof in at least two lift) lessees directions, there being not less than three strands in a radial direction from the centre to an edge of said sennit.

3. solid sennit comprising; a plurality of strands passing from Aface to 'face in regular order and each appearing at regular intervals upon the outer surface of said sennit, each strand crossing' the sennit in the interior thereof in at least two directions, there being not less than three strands in a radial direction troni the Centre to an edge of said sennit.

4t. A solid sennit coinprisinga plurality of strands passing trom face to ,tace in regular order, each strand Crossing the sennit in the interior thereof in at least two directions, there being not less than three strands in a radial direction from the centre to an edge of said sennit, and additional strands plaited in said sennit to increase the hulk thereof at predetermined points.

5. The method of making sennits which consists in connecting a plurality ot strands at one end, arranging said strands singly and in groups and on its turn taking one strand from a group oit two or more and layingig` it transversely in ther .interior ot' the sennit into juxtaposition with a group ot one or more strands at an opposite point in said sennit, all of the strands heilig moved in successive order 6. The method of makingI sennits which consists in connecting a plurality o strands at one end, arrangingsaid strands singly and in groups of tWo or more, and in its turn taking one strand from a group ot two of more and laying it transversely in the interior of the sennit into juxtaposition with a group of one or more strands at an opposite point in said sennit, so that at all times during the' process of manufacture one str1. or point, all of the strands helingmoved in successive order.

T. The method oi" nia-king sennits which consists in connecting a plurality of strands at one end5 arranging said strands singly7 and in groups of two or more, plaiting the strands of each group in turn and succes sively to lay it transversely7 in the interior oi' the sennit into juxtaposition with a group ot one or more strands at an opposite point in said sennit and Working` the groups of strands progressively in rotation to cause the strands to spiral throughout the length ot said sennit.

S. The method of making sennit of polygonal cross-section which consists in oonnecting la plurality of strands at one end7 arranging said strands singly and in groups of tWo or more, taking one of the strands 'from a group oi two or more and laying it transversely off the sennit into juxtaposition with a group of one or more at an 0pposite point thereof and introducing an additional set of corner strands and plaiting them in the saine Way to increase the dimensions of said -sennit at the corners thereof.

ln testimony whereof l have hereunto set my hand.

CLFFORD W. ASHLEY.

i at least occupies each group position 

